令和5年6月11日
東京海洋大学品川キャンパス講義棟大講義室
発表者：Kalisiana Marama Matakiviti , TORII Takashi
タイトル：Grouper Fishery in a Fijian Community - Case study in Dravuni Village, Kadavu, Fiji Islands -
所属：Graduate School of Forestry, Agriculture and Fisheries, Kagoshima University
発表者：Kere Grolisa , TORII Takashi
タイトル：The Importance of Preserving Traditional Knowledge of Choiseul Coastal Fishing Communities- A Local Indigenous Perspective -
所属：The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
発表者：Shubha Singh , TORII Takashi
タイトル：Socio-ecological System Approach to Fisheries Management
所属：The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University
報告者：鈴木崇史、佐野雅昭、久賀みず保
タイトル：買受人数の減少が産地卸売市場の機能に及ぼす影響
所属：鹿児島大学水産学部
Kalisiana Marama Matakiviti
（Graduate School of Forestry, Agriculture and Fisheries, Kagoshima Univ.）
TORII Takashi（Kagoshima Univ.）
For consumption and sale in Fiji's domestic markets, a diverse range of coral reef fish species, including members of the herbivorous, carnivorous, and omnivorous fish families, are harvested. It was estimated by Starkhouse (2009) that coral reef fisheries in Fiji provide income and/or nutrition for up to 28,880 fishers, 842 middlemen, and 2,480 vendors. According to research done on a reef system in Fiji, groupers (Serranidae) and emperors (Lethrinidae) made up over 68% of the fisheries yield (DeMers & Kahui, 2011). One of the highly targeted fisheries in coastal communities is the grouper fishery. There has been research done on grouper fisheries, such as value chain analysis on groupers, which maps out the players within the chain of the grouper trade within the domestic and export markets.
The purpose of this research is to look at the characteristics of grouper fishing in a Fijian community. This research will further provide a better understanding of the grouper fishery in the community context. The following research was conducted on one of the villages in Ono district of the Province of Kadavu. Dravuni Village is on one of the smaller islands and consists of 32 households. The case site was selected because Dravuni Village is a fishing community that relies on its fisheries resources for its sustenance. It also has one of the biggest fishing grounds that’s part of one of the largest reef systems in Fiji.
Understanding the fishery at a community level gives us a better understanding of the activities involved in catching this highly valuable species. It highlights the fishers’ activities involved in catching and marketing grouper species. Structured interviews were conducted with fishers who catch groupers and market a portion of their catch either to urban markets or nearby communities. 13 fishers were interviewed, and all were male; this indicates that the grouper fishery in Dravuni Village is a male-dominated fishery. The main fishing method for catching grouper species is by free diving with a speargun. Groupers only account for about 29% of the fishermen's catch, while most of their catch, 71%, is other finfish. Though groupers are only a quarter of their catch, a lot of the fishermen (68%) mainly target groupers to sell, while only 31% of the fishermen say they're used for consumption.
Understanding the characteristics of a fishery will give us a better understanding at the community level of what species they are mostly catching or targeting, and it will also give us an insight into fishers’ perceptions and levels of understanding on how they can better manage their fisheries resources.
Kere Glorisa （The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima Univ.）
TORII Takashi（Kagoshima Univ.）
The Choiseul (Lauru) people possess a wealth of traditional knowledge from the past that has helped them sustain their fish stocks. Over the centuries, the indigenous Choiseul people have developed a deep understanding of the coastal environment, as they live along the coast and depend on the ecosystem. Although Traditional knowledge has been used in fisheries management for centuries, its role is largely undocumented.
Coastal marine resources serve multiple functions beyond simply providing a food source. They have a lot to do with culture, rituals, and traditional practices. Indigenous peoples have controlled resources by setting rules that govern resource use, access, and movement. Chiefs and village elders played a major role in regulating and monitoring the use of resources. Today, however, traditional knowledge and practices in coastal fisheries management are in decline.
Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to clarify the role of traditional knowledge in coastal fisheries management of Choiseul Province and to gain a community perspective on the current state of traditional knowledge. Choiseul in the Solomon Islands was chosen as a study site for the following reasons. First, it is known for its rich cultural heritage, including a deep understanding of traditional fishing methods and knowledge. Locals have fished in the area for generations and have developed a wealth of knowledge about the local marine environment. Secondly, Choiseul has a local NGO called Lauru Land Conference of Tribal Communities (LLCTC) which was set up with one of the aims of recognizing the traditional knowledge of the people. Third, the Choiseul people are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including sea level rise and ocean acidification. Understanding the traditional knowledge of coastal fisheries can help inform strategies for adapting to these changing conditions. Finally, traditional knowledge of coastal fisheries can provide valuable insights into sustainable fisheries management practices.
By understanding how local communities have managed their fisheries in the past, researchers can identify strategies to promote sustainable fisheries in the future. Conducting research into the traditional knowledge of Choiseul coastal fisheries will help involve the local community in the research process. This could lead to greater awareness and understanding of the value of traditional knowledge and increased participation in efforts to protect and manage the region's marine resources.
This presentation will focus on the perspectives of indigenous communities understanding of traditional knowledge in coastal fisheries management, based on research conducted in 2022.The study discovered that traditional knowledge and practices in coastal fisheries management encompass people’s beliefs, cultural norms, and taboos. The survey also revealed that while traditional knowledge of marine resource management remains relevant, people’s attention is gradually shifting towards modern science and methodologies.
Shubha Singh (The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima Univ.)
TORII Takashi (Kagoshima Univ.)
Fisheries play a crucial role in meeting the global demand for food and livelihoods. However, the unsustainable management of fisheries has led to overexploitation of fish stocks and declining marine biodiversity. To address these challenges, socio-ecological system models have emerged as a promising tool for fisheries management and sustainability. Socio-ecological system models integrate ecological and social components to provide a holistic understanding of the interactions between humans and the environment.
A socio-ecological system (SES) is a complex system that consists of social and ecological subsystems that interact with each other. These systems are characterized by multiple feedback loops and non-linear interactions between different components. For the purposes of this study, a causal loop analysis (CLA) is used as a tool used to map and analyze the feedback loops in complex Socio-ecological systems.
This study aims to explore the concept of socio-ecological system models, their definition, development, advantages, and disadvantages, and their ability to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between humans and the environment, but also the challenges in data collection and the potential for model uncertainty. This model has the potential to improve fisheries management and sustainability in data-deficient slipper lobster fisheries. Data-deficient fisheries are those where the information available about the fish stock and fishing activities is limited, making it difficult to implement effective management measures.
It will examine how socio-ecological system models can be used to integrate available data and identify the key factors affecting fish stock dynamics and fishing activities. Additionally, the thesis will explore how socio-ecological system models can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different management strategies and policies, and to design adaptive management approaches that can improve the sustainability of fisheries.
Finally, we will present a case study of a data-deficient fishery, where socio-ecological system models can be used to inform management decisions and improve the sustainability of the fishery. This case study will highlight the potential of socio-ecological system models to provide practical solutions for fisheries management and sustainability, particularly in situations where data is limited.
鈴木崇史・佐野雅昭・久賀みず保（鹿児島大学水産学部）
1. 研究の背景・問題意識および目的
我が国で水揚げされる水産物の多くは、産地と消費地に所在する二つの卸売市場での競売を経て価格が決定される。このような卸売市場流通機構は、各段階で複数の買受人同士が競合して価格を決定することで、公正な市場価格を形成するという機能を有している。しかし、近年では産地卸売市場における買受人の数が減少している。産地卸売市場における買受人とは、買参権を有する小売業者、産地仲買、水産加工業者、出荷業者等が該当し、競売に参加して水揚げされた水産物の産地価格を形成する役目を果たしている。買受人の数が減少することは、産地卸売市場が果たしてきた機能にどのような影響を及ぼすのだろうか。このような問題意識に基づき、本研究は、買受人数の減少が産地卸売市場の機能に及ぼす影響を明らかにする。
2. 結果
本研究では、鹿児島県日置市に所在する江口漁業協同組合（江口漁協）を事例とし、漁協職員を対象とした聞き取り調査を行った。「令和3年度業務報告書」によると、同漁協の年間水揚げ数量は約227t、水揚金額は約1.6億円である。水揚げ数量が多い漁業種は吾智網漁、機船底曳網漁であり、水揚量が多い魚種として、マダイやチダイの他、機船底曳網漁で漁獲されるイワシ類やキビナゴの稚魚（チリメン）が挙げられる。江口漁協は、産地卸売市場の開設に加えて、2003年に江口蓬莱館（蓬莱館）という生産者直売施設を設立し、運営している点で特徴的である。そして、蓬莱館で販売する水産物を調達するために、自らが運営する産地卸売市場の買参権を有し、他の買受人と競合しながら仕入れを行っている。
江口漁協が運営する産地卸売市場には、1993年頃には17業者の買受人が登録されていたものの、2022年には8業者に減少し、そのうち毎日の取引がある主な買受人は4業者である。このように、買受人の数が減少している江口漁協においては、競争的な競売方式であるセリであっても、魚価が下落する傾向にあった。このため、江口漁協が相場よりも高い最低価格を設定し、買い支えを行うことで、魚価の安定に貢献してきた。江口漁協が買い支えを行うことができた背景には、蓬莱館での漁獲物の直接販売や総菜加工、館内飲食店での利用といった価値向上の取り組みが存在する。しかし、買受人数の減少は続き、2020年には競売方法が変更された。それまではセリによって価格を決定してきたが、2020年以降は、漁協職員が主な買受人へ電話をすることで取引数量と価格を決定する相対販売が行われている。そして、近年では豊漁時に競売で処理しきれない漁獲物への対応が課題となっている。例として、江口漁協の主要魚種であるチダイやマダイは、水揚数量次第では現状の買受人数での対応ができず、蓬莱館の加工場や飲食店での活用にも量的な限界がある。このような場合、引き取ることができる買受人に前述の最低価格を下回る価格で販売する他、漁業者に出量自粛（船止め）要請を出すことで対応している。
3. 結論及び考察
以上の結果を統合すると、買受人数が減少することで、産地卸売市場においては、①競売時の競争環境が弱まることによる産地価格の下落、②セリから相対販売への変化といった競売方法の変更、③競売で処理しきれない漁獲物における叩き売りや出漁自粛要請といった事態が生じていた。これらに共通しているのは、産地価格の下落を引き起こしているという点であり、産地卸売市場が果たしてきた「公正な価格形成」機能に負の影響を及ぼしていることが明らかになった。また、③からは、漁業者の出漁判断に影響する等、地域漁業そのものの存続にも負の影響を与えていることが分かった。このような状況下において、今後、産地卸売市場を運営する漁協には、周辺市場との合併による買受人数の回復や、漁協による鮮魚販売、惣菜加工、飲食店での活用といった漁獲物の付加価値向上の取り組みが一層求められるだろう。